Welcome to ROSMASTER X3 Plus repository

2. Linux basics

2.1. Introduction to Linux system

Linux is an open source operating system whose kernel was first released on October 5, 1991 by Linus Benadict Torvalds. It inherits the network-centric design idea of Unix and is a performance Stable multi-user network operating system.

In March 1994, Linux 1.0 was released with a code volume of 170,000 lines. At that time, it was released under a completely free and free agreement, and then the GPL agreement was officially adopted.

In January 1995, Bob Young founded RedHat (Little Red Hat), with GNU and Linux as the core, integrating more than 400 open source program modules, and came up with a brand of Linux, namely RedHat Linux, called RedHat Linux. Linux distribution, sold in the market.

In June 1996, the Linux 2.0 kernel was released, which can support multiple processors.

• Main features of Linux

Free and open source; fully compatible with POSIX 1.0 standard; multi-user, multi-task; has a good interface; supports multiple platforms.

• Linux major version

There are currently about 300 Linux distributions, almost all of which can be run as server systems. Linux distributions rarely copy each other, and the popular Linux server distributions are mainly the following:

Red Hat Enterprise Linux: This is the first Linux distribution for the commercial market. It is available in server versions and supports numerous processor architectures.

Debian: Debian is extremely stable, which makes it ideal for servers.

CentOS: CentOS is an enterprise Linux distribution rebuilt from free source code from Red Hat Enterprise Linux. This refactored version completely removes the registered trademark and a very subtle change in the Binary package.

Ubuntu: Ubuntu is a derivative of Debian that focuses on its use in this market, common on servers, cloud computing, and even some mobile devices running Ubuntu Linux.

2.2. Ubuntu overview

Ubuntu is a Linux operating system based on desktop applications. Ubuntu is based on the Debian distribution and the Gnome desktop environment, and since version 11.04, the Ubuntu distribution has abandoned the Gnome desktop environment in favor of Unity. Since Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, Ubuntu distributions are back to using the GNOME3 desktop environment. Debian-based Ubuntu has a place on almost every Linux-related list. Canonical's Ubuntu trumps all other Linux server distributions - From simple installation, excellent hardware discovery, to world-class commercial support, Ubuntu sets standards that are hard to match

2.3. Ubuntu file system

Ubuntu is different from Windows, there is no concept of drive letter, there is only one root directory [/], all files are under it

├──  bin           # bin is the abbreviation of Binary. Stores the most commonly used executable files (binaries) in the system. 
├──  boot          # The Linux kernel and system boot files are stored here, including Grub and lilo launcher programs. 
├──  dev           # dev is the abbreviation of Device. This directory stores the external devices of Linux, such as hard disk, partition, keyboard, mouse, usb, etc. 
├──  etc           # This directory is used to store all configuration files and subdirectories required for system management, such as passwd, hostname, etc. 
├──  home          # The home directory of the user. In Linux, each user has a directory of his own. Generally, the directory name is named after the user's account. 
│    └──  yahboom         # user 
│        ├──  Desktop     # Desktop 
│        ├──  Documents   # Documents 
│        ├──  Downloads   # Download 
│        ├──  Music       # Music 
│        ├──  Pictures    # Pictures 
│        ├──  Public      # Share 
│        ├──  Templates   # Templates 
│        ├──  Videos      # Video 
│ ... 
│    ...  
├──  lost + found    # This directory is usually empty. When the system is shut down illegally, some scattered files are stored here. 
├──  lib           # Stores shared library files, including many library files used by programs in /bin and /sbin. 
├──  media         # The CD-ROM and USB devices automatically mounted by the ubuntu system, which store the temporarily read files. 
├──  mnt           # As the mount point of the mounted file system. 
├──  opt           # As a storage directory for optional files and programs, it is mainly used by third-party developers to easily install and uninstall their software. 
├──  proc          # This directory is a virtual directory, which is the mapping of the system memory, where all processes marked as files are stored, and cpuinfo stores the data of the current working state of the cpu. 
├──  root          # This directory is the home directory of the system administrator, also known as the super-authorized user. 
├──  sbin          # s means Super User, which stores system management programs used by system administrators, such as system management, directory query and other key command files. 
├──  srv           # Store the service data provided by the system. 
├──  sys           # System device and file hierarchy, and provide detailed kernel data information to user programs. 
├──  usr           # Store files and directories related to system users. 
│    ├──  bin       # Standard commands for users and administrators 
│    ├──  games     # Stores the small games that come with XteamLinux 
│    ├──  include   # Used to store the header files needed to develop and compile applications under Linux, c or c++ 
│    ├──  lib       # Link library for applications and packages 
│    ├──  local     # System administrator installed application directory 
│    ├──  sbin      # Stores the management program used by the root superuser 
│    └──  src       # Linux open source code 
│    └──  share     # Store shared data 
│    ... 
├──  var           # Variable-length files, especially log data such as log files and printer files. 
│    ├──  backups 
│    ├──  cache     # Application cache directory 
│    ├──  crash     # System error message 
│    ├──  log       # log file 
│    ├──  mail      # email 
│    └──  tmp       # Temporary file directory 
│    ... 
├──  tmp           # This directory is used to store some temporary files, and all users have read and write permissions to this directory. 
... 

2.4. Common commands

2.4.1. increase

create a new file

xxxxxxxxxx
touch test.txt 

new folder

xxxxxxxxxx
mkdir test          # create a file 
mkdir -p test/src   # create the test folder and create the src folder in the test folder 

copy

xxxxxxxxxx
sudo cp test.txt test_copy.txt # copy a file 

2.4.2. delete

xxxxxxxxxx
sudo rm test.txt      # delete file
sudo rm -r test      # delete the folder and its contents 

2.4.3. change

• mv move, rename

xxxxxxxxxx
sudo mv test test_new           # Change the test folder to test_new 
sudo mv test.txt test_new.txt   # Modify the test.txt file to test_new.txt 

• chmod changes file permissions

Permission setting

rwx

xxxxxxxxxx
sudo chmod +rwx test.txt   

Shortcut to add all permissions

xxxxxxxxxx
sudo chmod 777 test.txt   

• change Password

set root password

xxxxxxxxxx
sudo passwd root 

Set username and password

xxxxxxxxxx
sudo passwd username 

2.4.4. Check

• View system version

xxxxxxxxxx
lsb_release -a      # release version number 
uname -a            # Kernel version and system bitness 
cat /proc/version   # kernel version and gcc version 

• View hardware information

​x
curl  cip.cc or ifconfig     # View IP address 
cat /proc/cpuinfo or lscpu   # cpu info 
sudo dmidecode -t memory     # memory information 
df -h                        # View the space of all mounted file systems 
which python3                # View command location 
v4l2-ctl --list-formats-ext  # View camera device parameters 
nproc                        # View the number of cores 

• View file information

xxxxxxxxxx
la              # Display all subdirectories and files in the specified directory, including hidden files 
ll              # display the details of the file in a list 
ls -h           # cooperate to display the file size in a user-friendly way 
cat test.txt    # View file content 
tree            # View the file directory (requires tree installation) 

tree installation command

xxxxxxxxxx
sudo apt install tree 

• find files

xxxxxxxxxx
find ./ -name  test.sh    # Find all files or directories named test.sh in the current directory 
find ./ -name  '*.sh'     # Find all files or directories with the suffix .sh in the current directory 
find ./ -name  "[A-Z]*"   # Find all files or directories starting with an uppercase letter in the current directory 

2.4.5. Others

• tar command

tar uses the format: tar [parameter] package file name file

xxxxxxxxxx
-c # Generate archive file, create package file 
-v # List the detailed process of archive unarchiving, showing progress 
-f # Specify the name of the archive file, f must be followed by a .tar file, so you must put the option at the end 
-t # list the files contained in the 
-x # unpack   the archive 

Pack

xxxxxxxxxx
tar -cvf xxx.tar *                 # all files in the current directory 
tar -cvf xxx.tar *.txt             # files ending in .txt 
tar -cvf xxx.tar my-file my-dir    # Package the specified directory or file 

unpack

xxxxxxxxxx
tar -xvf xxx.tar              # unpack to current directory 
tar -xvf xxx.tar -C my-dir    # Unpack to the specified directory (need to create the my-dir directory first) 

• zip, unzip commands

Compressed file: zip [-r] destination file (without extension) source file

xxxxxxxxxx
zip bak *        # All files in the current directory, you can also specify a file 
zip -r bak *     # all files & directories in current directory recursively 

Unzip the file: unzip -d unzip the directory file compressed file

xxxxxxxxxx
unzip -d ./target_dir bak.zip  # Unzip to the   specified directory 
unzip bak.zip                  # unzip to current directory 

• ln command

Soft link: Soft link does not occupy disk space, and the soft link is invalid if the source file is deleted. Commonly used, you can create files or folders

xxxxxxxxxx
ln  -s source-file  link-file 

Hard links: Hard links can only link ordinary files, not directories. Linked file exists even though source file is deleted

xxxxxxxxxx
ln source-file link-file 

• scp remote copy

xxxxxxxxxx
scp jetson@192.168.16.66:/home/jetson/xxx/yahboom/xxx.tar.gz  /home/yahboom/ # Copy  from remote to local 
scp /home/yahboom/xxx.png jetson@192.168.16.66:/home/jetson/ # local to  remote 
scp -r jetson@192.168.16.66:/home/jetson/test /home/yahboom/    # from remote to local -r 
scp -r /home/yahboom/test jetson@192.168.16.66:/home/jetson/    # from local to remote -r 

• wget file download

Just search for an image address on Baidu as an example.

xxxxxxxxxx
wget "https://img0.baidu.com/it/u=3911542037,2006161295&fm=224&fmt=auto&gp=0.jpg"                  # Download ordinary files (Baidu links should be double-quoted) 
wget -O yahboom.jpg "https://img0.baidu.com/it/u=3911542037,2006161295&fm=224&fmt=auto&gp=0.jpg"   # Save the file with the specified file name 

• other

xxxxxxxxxx
nautilus . # open the current file 
cd ~                 # Switch to the current user's home directory (/home/user directory) 
cd .                 # Change to current directory 
cd -                 # can enter the last directory 
cd /                 # Change to the system root directory/ 
pwd                  # show the current path 
echo "HelloWorld"    # Output HelloWorld information to the console 
which                # View command location 

2.5. Editor

2.5.1. vim

vim is an upgraded version of vi. The most common difference is that it can display some special information of system files in multiple colors.

• install command

xxxxxxxxxx
sudo apt install vim 

• Three main modes

Command mode (edit mode): default mode, move the cursor, cut/paste text (interface performance: the file name is displayed in the lower left corner or empty) Insert mode (input mode): modify text (interface performance: the lower left corner displays —INSERT– ) In the insert mode, press the ESC key to return to the last line mode of the command mode (extended mode): save, exit, etc. (interface performance: the lower left corner displays -VISUAL-) In the last line mode, press the ESC key twice continuously to return to the last line mode

• Mode switch

Switch from command mode to edit mode

xxxxxxxxxx
i     # Insert mode to enter edit mode 
a     # Append mode to enter edit mode 
o     # Start editing at the beginning of the next line of the current line 
O     # Start editing at the beginning of the previous line of the current line 

Switch from command mode to last line mode

xxxxxxxxxx
: # Enter a colon [:] 

Switch from last line mode to command mode: press【esc】

Switch from editing mode to command mode: press [esc]

Esc built: exit to the current mode

Esc build Esc build: always return to command mode

• last line mode

xxxxxxxxxx
w            # save 
q            # exit 
q!           # force quit 
x            # save and exit 
set nu       # display line number 
set          # nonu hide line numbers 
0,$d         # vim delete the entire contents of the file: 
/string      # Start looking for the string string backwards from the cursor; press n to locate the next one, and shfit+n to locate the previous one. 
g/string     # Retrieve string. Stops the cursor at the beginning of the first retrieved string of strings. 

• command mode

xxxxxxxxxx
yy         # copy 
p          # paste 
3yy        # Copy 3 lines 
2p         # paste 2 times 
dd         # cut 
3dd        # cut 3 lines 
u          # undo 
Ctrl + r   # Undo 
dd         # delete the current line 
dG         # delete the current line to the end of the file 
dH         # delete the current line to the beginning of the file 
gg         # jump to the first line of the current document 
G          # jump to the end line of the current document 
^          # Jump to the beginning of the current line 
$          # jump to the end of the current line 
h          # move left one character 
j          # move down one line 
k          # move up one line 
l          # move one character to the right 
PageDown(or Ctrl + F) # scroll down a screen 
PageUp(or Ctrl + B)   # page up one screen 

2.5.2. nano

nano is a text editor for Unix and Unix-like systems, a clone of Pico.

• Install

xxxxxxxxxx
sudo apt install nano 

new/open file

xxxxxxxxxx
nano path + file name 
For example: nano test_nano.txt 

control commands

xxxxxxxxxx
Ctrl + v      # Next page 
Ctrl + y      # Previous page 
Ctrl + w      # Search for a word or phrase 
Ctrl + x      # close the current text, exit nano, return to shell 
Ctrl + \      # Search and replace 
Ctrl + k      # cut line of text 
Ctrl + u      # Paste line of text 
Ctrl + c      # Display cursor position in text 

2.5.3. gedit

gedit is no different from using Notepad under Windows.

In the editor, we can click the "Open" button to browse the list of recently opened files and open the file; click the "Save" button to save the file currently being edited; click the menu bar on the right to perform more operations and so on. The shortcut keys are the same as under Windows:

xxxxxxxxxx
Ctrl + s             save the file 
Ctrl + Shift + s     save as 
Ctrl + f             to search text content 

The gedit editor must be started without a remote interface such as ssh, jupyter, and putty when the interface can be displayed.

2.6. Ubuntu software operation command

xxxxxxxxxx
sudo  apt-get update                             # update source 
sudo  apt-get install package                    # install package 
sudo  apt-get remove package                     # remove the package 
sudo  apt-cache search package                   # search for packages 
sudo  apt-cache show package                     # Get information about the package, such as description, size, version, etc. 
sudo  apt-get install package --reinstall        # reinstall the package 
sudo  apt-get -f install                         # repair installation 
sudo  apt-get remove package --purge             # Remove packages, including configuration files, etc. 
sudo  apt-get build-dep package                  # Install the relevant compilation environment 
sudo  apt-get upgrade                            # update installed packages 
sudo  apt-get dist-upgrade                       # upgrade the system 
sudo  apt-cache depends package                  # Know which packages to use this package depend on 
sudo  apt-cache rdepends package                 # See which packages the package depends on 
sudo  apt-get source package                     # Download the source code of the package 
sudo  apt-get clean && sudo apt-get autoclean    # clean useless packages 
sudo  apt-get check                              # Check for broken dependencies